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Vampire - Wikipedia. A vampire is a being from folklore who subsists by feeding on the life essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living. In European folklore, vampires were undead beings that often visited loved ones and caused mischief or deaths in the neighbourhoods they inhabited when they were alive. They wore shrouds and were often described as bloated and of ruddy or dark countenance, markedly different from today's gaunt, pale vampire which dates from the early 1.
Although vampiric entities have been recorded in most cultures, the term vampire was not popularized in the West until the early 1. Western Europe from areas where vampire legends were frequent, such as the Balkans and Eastern Europe. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led to mass hysteria and in some cases resulted in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism.
In modern times, however, the vampire is generally held to be a fictitious entity, although belief in similar vampiric creatures such as the chupacabra still persists in some cultures. Early folk belief in vampires has sometimes been ascribed to the ignorance of the body's process of decomposition after death and how people in pre- industrial societies tried to rationalise this, creating the figure of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death. Porphyria was also linked with legends of vampirism in 1. The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire genre, still popular in the 2. The vampire has since become a dominant figure in the horror genre. Etymology. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first appearance of the English word vampire (as vampyre) in English from 1. Travels of Three English Gentlemen published in The Harleian Miscellany in 1.
The exact etymology is unclear. Cultures such as the Mesopotamians, Hebrews, Ancient Greeks, and Romans had tales of demons and spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. However, despite the occurrence of vampire- like creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity we know today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from early- 1. Europe. In most cases, vampires are revenants of evil beings, suicide victims, or witches, but they can also be created by a malevolent spirit possessing a corpse or by being bitten by a vampire.
Belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even public executions of people believed to be vampires. Vampires were usually reported as bloated in appearance, and ruddy, purplish, or dark in colour; these characteristics were often attributed to the recent drinking of blood. Indeed, blood was often seen seeping from the mouth and nose when one was seen in its shroud or coffin and its left eye was often open. In Slavic and Chinese traditions, any corpse that was jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to become one of the undead. In Russian folklore, vampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church while they were alive. Burying a corpse upside- down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such as scythes or sickles. This method resembles the Ancient Greek practice of placing an obolus in the corpse's mouth to pay the toll to cross the River Styx in the underworld.
It has been argued that instead, the coin was intended to ward off any evil spirits from entering the body, and this may have influenced later vampire folklore. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore about the vrykolakas, in which a wax cross and piece of pottery with the inscription . Similar Chinese narratives state that if a vampire- like being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count every grain; this is a theme encountered in myths from the Indian subcontinent, as well as in South American tales of witches and other sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings. The dhampir sprung of a karkanxholl has the unique ability to discern the karkanxholl; from this derives the expression the dhampir knows the lugat. The lugat cannot be seen, he can only be killed by the dhampir, who himself is usually the son of a lugat. In different regions, animals can be revenants as lugats; also, living people during their sleep. Dhampiraj is also an Albanian surname.
One method of finding a vampire's grave involved leading a virgin boy through a graveyard or church grounds on a virgin stallion. Folkloric vampires could also make their presence felt by engaging in minor poltergeist- like activity, such as hurling stones on roofs or moving household objects. Garlic is a common example. Vampires are said to be unable to walk on consecrated ground, such as that of churches or temples, or cross running water. This is similar to the act of burying sharp objects, such as sickles, in with the corpse, so that they may penetrate the skin if the body bloats sufficiently while transforming into a revenant. The vampire's head, body, or clothes could also be spiked and pinned to the earth to prevent rising. They also placed hawthorn in the corpse's sock or drove a hawthorn stake through the legs.
In a 1. 6th- century burial near Venice, a brick forced into the mouth of a female corpse has been interpreted as a vampire- slaying ritual by the archaeologists who discovered it in 2. In the Balkans, a vampire could also be killed by being shot or drowned, by repeating the funeral service, by sprinkling holy water on the body, or by exorcism. In Romania, garlic could be placed in the mouth, and as recently as the 1. For resistant cases, the body was dismembered and the pieces burned, mixed with water, and administered to family members as a cure.
In Saxon regions of Germany, a lemon was placed in the mouth of suspected vampires. Blood drinking and similar activities were attributed to demons or spirits who would eat flesh and drink blood; even the Devil was considered synonymous with the vampire. In India, for example, tales of vet.
Lilitu was considered a demon and was often depicted as subsisting on the blood of babies. According to Sefer Hasidim, Estries were creatures created in the twilight hours before God rested. In Jewish demonology, Ornasis is known as a . Over time the first two terms became general words to describe witches and demons respectively. Empusa was the daughter of the goddess Hecate and was described as a demonic, bronze- footed creature.
She feasted on blood by transforming into a young woman and seduced men as they slept before drinking their blood. They were described as having the bodies of crows or birds in general, and were later incorporated into Roman mythology as strix, a kind of nocturnal bird that fed on human flesh and blood. Some of the properties of the Hortdan include: the ability to transform into an animal, invisibility, and the propensity to drain the vitality of victims via blood loss.
Medieval and later European folklore. The 8. 00- year- old skeleton found in Bulgaria stabbed through the chest with iron rod. The 1. 2th- century English historians and chroniclers Walter Map and William of Newburgh recorded accounts of revenants. These tales formed the basis of the vampire legend that later entered Germany and England, where they were subsequently embellished and popularized. One of the earliest recordings of vampire activity came from the region of Istria in modern Croatia, in 1.
However, local villagers claimed he returned from the dead and began drinking blood from the people and sexually harassing his widow. The village leader ordered a stake to be driven through his heart, but when the method failed to kill him, he was subsequently beheaded with better results. Even government officials engaged in the hunting and staking of vampires. Two famous vampire cases, the first to be officially recorded, involved the corpses of Petar Blagojevich and Milo. Blagojevich was reported to have died at the age of 6. When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Blagojevich supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of blood.
After his death, people began to die in the surrounding area and it was widely believed that Milo. The character was later used in a story written by Serbian writer Milovan Gli. Government officials examined the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout Europe.
The problem was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so- claimed vampire attacks, undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in some cases, staking them. Within his classification of demons, he explained the concept through the notion that incubi and succubae could possess the corpse of the deceased and walk the earth. As a devil borrows a dead body, it would seem so visibly and naturally to any man who converses with them and that any substance within the body would remain intolerably cold to others which they abuse. The subject was based on the peculiar phenomenon that when digging up graves, it was discovered that some corpses had at some point either devoured the interior fabric of their coffin or their own limbs. While in 1. 73. 2 an anonymous writer calling itself . Theologians and clergymen are also addressing the topic. The non- decay of vampires' bodies could recall the incorruption of the bodies of the saints of the Catholic Church.
A paragraph on vampires was included in the second edition (1. De servorum Dei beatificatione et sanctorum canonizatione, On the beatification of the servants of God and on canonization of the blessed, written by Prospero Lambertini (Pope Benedict XIV). In other words, vampires did not exist.
Calmet conducted extensive research and amassed judicial reports of vampiric incidents and extensively researched theological and mythological accounts as well, utilizing the scientific method in his analysis to come up with methods for determining the validity for cases of this nature.